玩转 Elasticsearch Query DSL（一）：基础查询与复合查询

约 5892 字大约 20 分钟

2026-05-25

对于任何想要掌握 Elasticsearch 的开发者来说，Query DSL（Domain Specific Language）都是必须征服的核心领域。本文作为系列第一篇，将深入解析基础查询和复合查询，帮助你构建精准的搜索条件。

什么是 Query DSL？

在开始具体查询之前，我们先理解什么是 Query DSL。

DSL（Domain Specific Language）是专门针对特定领域的语言。Elasticsearch 的 Query DSL 是一个基于 JSON 的、丰富的查询语言，它允许你构建复杂的搜索条件，从简单的关键词匹配到复杂的多条件组合查询。

与传统的 SQL 相比，DSL 提供了更强大、更灵活的搜索能力：

-- SQL 方式
SELECT * FROM products 
WHERE (name LIKE '%手机%' OR description LIKE '%手机%') 
  AND price BETWEEN 1000 AND 3000 
  AND category = 'electronics';

-- Elasticsearch DSL 方式（等价）
{
  "query": {
    "bool": {
      "must": [
        { "match": { "name": "手机" } }
      ],
      "should": [
        { "match": { "description": "手机" } }
      ],
      "filter": [
        { "range": { "price": { "gte": 1000, "lte": 3000 } } },
        { "term": { "category": "electronics" } }
      ]
    }
  }
}

数据建模起源：索引与映射(Mapping)

索引和映射是Elasticsearch数据建模的核心

索引(Index)基础概念与操作

在Elasticsearch中，索引是文档的集合，类似于关系型数据库中的"数据库"概念。每个索引包含一组具有相似特征的文档，并拥有独立的配置和映射。

核心特性：

分布式存储：索引数据分布在多个分片上
水平扩展：可通过增加分片实现容量扩展
独立配置：每个索引可独立设置映射、分片数、副本数等

索引的基本操作

创建索引：

PUT /my_first_index
{
  "settings": {
    "number_of_shards": 3,
    "number_of_replicas": 2,
    "refresh_interval": "1s"
  }
}

查看索引信息：

GET /my_first_index

// 返回结果示例
{
  "my_first_index": {
    "aliases": {},
    "mappings": {},
    "settings": {
      "index": {
        "creation_date": "1627896531000",
        "number_of_shards": "3",
        "number_of_replicas": "2",
        "uuid": "abc123...",
        "version": {"created": "7100099"},
        "provided_name": "my_first_index"
      }
    }
  }
}

删除索引：

DELETE /my_first_index

索引状态管理：

// 关闭索引（不可写入和搜索，但数据保留）
POST /my_first_index/_close

// 打开索引
POST /my_first_index/_open

// 清空索引数据（保留索引结构）
POST /my_first_index/_delete_by_query
{
  "query": {
    "match_all": {}
  }
}

映射(Mapping)深度解析

映射的概念与作用

映射是Elasticsearch中的模式定义，它定义了：

字段的数据类型
字段的索引方式
字段的分析器配置
字段的存储选项

动态映射 vs 显式映射

动态映射(Dynamic Mapping)

Elasticsearch自动推断字段类型：

// 创建索引，启用动态映射
PUT /dynamic_mapping_demo
{
  "mappings": {
    "dynamic": true  // 默认值
  }
}

// 插入文档，ES自动推断字段类型
POST /dynamic_mapping_demo/_doc
{
  "title": "Elasticsearch Guide",      // 推断为text
  "views": 150,                        // 推断为long  
  "price": 29.99,                      // 推断为float
  "published": true,                   // 推断为boolean
  "publish_date": "2023-01-15",        // 推断为date
  "tags": ["search", "database"]       // 推断为text[]
}

动态映射规则：

JSON数据类型	Elasticsearch数据类型
string	text + keyword子字段
integer	long
float	float
boolean	boolean
date	date
array	根据第一个元素类型推断
object	object

显式映射(Explicit Mapping)

手动定义所有字段类型，推荐生产环境使用：

PUT /explicit_mapping_demo
{
  "mappings": {
    "dynamic": "strict",  // 禁止未定义的字段
    "properties": {
      "title": {
        "type": "text",
        "analyzer": "standard"
      },
      "views": {
        "type": "integer"
      }
      // 其他字段定义...
    }
  }
}

dynamic 参数选项：

true：自动检测并添加新字段（默认）
false：忽略新字段（不索引但存储在_source）
strict：遇到未映射字段时拒绝文档（推荐）

映射参数详解

核心映射参数

type - 字段数据类型：

"title": {
  "type": "text"
}

index - 控制字段是否被索引：

"internal_id": {
  "type": "keyword",
  "index": false  // 不索引，无法搜索但可聚合
}

store - 独立存储字段值：

"content": {
  "type": "text",
  "store": true  // 独立于_source存储
}

doc_values - 列式存储，用于排序和聚合：

"price": {
  "type": "float",
  "doc_values": true  // 默认开启
}

norms - 存储长度归一化因子，影响评分：

"description": {
  "type": "text", 
  "norms": false  // 不需要评分时关闭，节省空间
}

null_value - 替换空值：

"category": {
  "type": "keyword",
  "null_value": "unknown"  // null替换为"unknown"
}

copy_to - 复制字段值到自定义_all字段：

"first_name": {
  "type": "text",
  "copy_to": "full_name"
},
"last_name": {
  "type": "text", 
  "copy_to": "full_name"
}
// 搜索full_name字段可同时匹配first_name和last_name

文本字段专用参数

analyzer - 索引时分析器：

"content": {
  "type": "text",
  "analyzer": "ik_max_word"  // 中文细粒度分词
}

search_analyzer - 搜索时分析器：

"content": {
  "type": "text",
  "analyzer": "ik_max_word",
  "search_analyzer": "ik_smart"  // 搜索时粗粒度分词
}

fielddata - 内存中字段数据（慎用）：

"tags": {
  "type": "text",
  "fielddata": true  // 允许对text字段聚合，消耗大量内存
}

字段数据类型全面指南

核心数据类型

文本类型(Text)

用于全文搜索的字符串：

PUT /text_demo
{
  "mappings": {
    "properties": {
      "title": {
        "type": "text",
        "analyzer": "ik_max_word",
        "search_analyzer": "ik_smart",
        "fields": {
          "keyword": {
            "type": "keyword",
            "ignore_above": 256
          }
        }
      }
    }
  }
}

关键字类型(Keyword)

用于精确值匹配：

"status": {
  "type": "keyword",
  "ignore_above": 256,    // 超过长度不索引
  "normalizer": "lowercase"  // 标准化处理
}

数值类型

类型	范围	存储大小	使用场景
long	-2⁶³ to 2⁶³-1	64-bit	大整数计数
integer	-2³¹ to 2³¹-1	32-bit	一般整数
short	-32,768 to 32,767	16-bit	小范围数值
byte	-128 to 127	8-bit	状态码
double	64-bit双精度	64-bit	科学计算
float	32-bit单精度	32-bit	一般小数
half_float	16-bit半精度	16-bit	节省空间
scaled_float	缩放浮点	可变	金融数据

"metrics": {
  "properties": {
    "price": {
      "type": "scaled_float",
      "scaling_factor": 100  // 存储为整数，节省空间
    },
    "quantity": {
      "type": "integer"
    },
    "rating": {
      "type": "half_float"
    }
  }
}

日期类型(Date)

"timestamps": {
  "properties": {
    "create_time": {
      "type": "date",
      "format": "yyyy-MM-dd HH:mm:ss||epoch_millis"
    },
    "update_time": {
      "type": "date",
      "format": "strict_date_optional_time"
    }
  }
}

支持的日期格式：

epoch_millis：时间戳毫秒数
yyyy-MM-dd：基本日期格式
yyyy-MM-dd HH:mm:ss：自定义格式
strict_date_optional_time：严格模式

布尔类型(Boolean)

"flags": {
  "properties": {
    "is_published": {
      "type": "boolean"
    },
    "is_deleted": {
      "type": "boolean",
      "null_value": false  // null视为false
    }
  }
}

二进制类型(Binary)

存储Base64编码的二进制数据：

"attachment": {
  "type": "binary",
  "doc_values": false,
  "store": true
}

复杂数据类型

对象类型(Object)

处理JSON对象：

PUT /object_demo
{
  "mappings": {
    "properties": {
      "user": {
        "type": "object",
        "properties": {
          "name": {"type": "text"},
          "age": {"type": "integer"}
        }
      }
    }
  }
}

// 插入文档
POST /object_demo/_doc
{
  "user": {
    "name": "张三",
    "age": 30
  }
}

嵌套类型(Nested)

保持数组对象的独立性：

PUT /nested_demo
{
  "mappings": {
    "properties": {
      "products": {
        "type": "nested",
        "properties": {
          "name": {"type": "keyword"},
          "price": {"type": "float"}
        }
      }
    }
  }
}

// 嵌套查询示例
GET /nested_demo/_search
{
  "query": {
    "nested": {
      "path": "products",
      "query": {
        "bool": {
          "must": [
            {"term": {"products.name": "手机"}},
            {"range": {"products.price": {"gte": 1000}}}
          ]
        }
      }
    }
  }
}

数组类型(Array)

Elasticsearch没有专门的数组类型，任何字段都可以包含多个值：

"tags": {
  "type": "keyword"  // 可以存储单个值或多个值
}

// 插入数组数据
POST /array_demo/_doc
{
  "tags": ["搜索", "数据库", "NoSQL"]  // 自动处理为数组
}

地理数据类型

地理点(Geo-point)

存储经纬度坐标：

PUT /geo_demo
{
  "mappings": {
    "properties": {
      "location": {
        "type": "geo_point"
      }
    }
  }
}

// 多种格式支持
POST /geo_demo/_doc
{
  "location": {
    "lat": 40.7128,
    "lon": -74.0060
  }
}

POST /geo_demo/_doc  
{
  "location": "40.7128,-74.0060"  // 字符串格式
}

POST /geo_demo/_doc
{
  "location": [ -74.0060, 40.7128 ]  // 数组格式[经度,纬度]
}

地理查询示例：

GET /geo_demo/_search
{
  "query": {
    "geo_distance": {
      "distance": "10km",
      "location": {
        "lat": 40.7128,
        "lon": -74.0060
      }
    }
  }
}

地理形状(Geo-shape)

存储复杂地理形状：

"boundary": {
  "type": "geo_shape",
  "strategy": "recursive"
}

// 插入多边形数据
POST /geo_shape_demo/_doc
{
  "boundary": {
    "type": "polygon",
    "coordinates": [[
      [100.0, 0.0], [101.0, 0.0], [101.0, 1.0], 
      [100.0, 1.0], [100.0, 0.0]
    ]]
  }
}

专用数据类型

IP类型(IP)

存储IPv4和IPv6地址：

"client_ip": {
  "type": "ip"
}

// 范围查询示例
GET /logs/_search
{
  "query": {
    "range": {
      "client_ip": {
        "gte": "192.168.1.1",
        "lte": "192.168.1.254"
      }
    }
  }
}

完成建议类型(Completion)

用于自动完成功能：

"suggest": {
  "type": "completion",
  "analyzer": "simple",
  "preserve_separators": true,
  "preserve_position_increments": true,
  "max_input_length": 50
}

// 使用示例
POST /suggestion_demo/_doc
{
  "suggest": {
    "input": ["elasticsearch", "elastic"],
    "weight": 10
  }
}

令牌计数类型(Token count)

统计分词后的词条数量：

"content": {
  "type": "text",
  "fields": {
    "word_count": {
      "type": "token_count",
      "analyzer": "standard"
    }
  }
}

排名特征类型(Rank features)

用于学习排名(Learning to Rank)：

"features": {
  "type": "rank_features"
}

// 插入数据
POST /ranking_demo/_doc
{
  "features": {
    "query_length": 10.5,
    "pagerank": 8.2,
    "url_length": 3.0
  }
}

多字段(Multi-fields)映射

多字段概念

多字段允许为同一内容以不同方式索引，实现不同搜索需求：

PUT /multi_field_demo
{
  "mappings": {
    "properties": {
      "title": {
        "type": "text",
        "analyzer": "ik_max_word",      // 主字段：中文分词
        "fields": {
          "keyword": {
            "type": "keyword",          // 子字段：精确匹配
            "ignore_above": 256
          },
          "english": {
            "type": "text",             // 子字段：英文分词
            "analyzer": "english"
          },
          "raw": {
            "type": "text",             // 子字段：不分词
            "analyzer": "keyword"
          }
        }
      }
    }
  }
}

多字段使用场景

不同搜索方式：

// 使用主字段进行全文搜索
GET /multi_field_demo/_search
{
  "query": {
    "match": {
      "title": "搜索引擎"
    }
  }
}

// 使用keyword字段进行精确匹配
GET /multi_field_demo/_search  
{
  "query": {
    "term": {
      "title.keyword": "Elasticsearch指南"
    }
  }
}

// 使用english字段进行英文搜索
GET /multi_field_demo/_search
{
  "query": {
    "match": {
      "title.english": "search engine"
    }
  }
}

基础查询：精准匹配与全文搜索

Elasticsearch 查询主要分为两大类：精准匹配（Term-level）和全文搜索（Full-text）。

精准匹配查询（Term-level Queries）

精准匹配查询用于查找完全匹配指定值的文档，不进行分词分析。主要用于 keyword、date、integer 等确切值字段。

term 查询 - 精确值匹配

查找在指定字段中包含确切术语的文档。

// 查找 category 字段精确等于 "electronics" 的商品
GET /products/_search
{
  "query": {
    "term": {
      "category": {
        "value": "electronics"
      }
    }
  }
}

::: warning注意对于 text 类型字段，使用 term 查询时需要小心。因为 text 字段会被分词，而 term 查询不会对搜索词进行分词。例如，搜索 "smart phone" 可能无法匹配到被分词为 ["smart", "phone"] 的文档。 :::

terms 查询 - 多值精确匹配

查找指定字段匹配任意一个给定值的文档。

// 查找 category 为 "electronics" 或 "books" 的商品
GET /products/_search
{
  "query": {
    "terms": {
      "category": ["electronics", "books"]
    }
  }
}

range 查询 - 范围查询

查找指定字段在某个范围内的文档。

// 查找价格在 1000 到 3000 之间，且上架时间在 2023年之后的商品
GET /products/_search
{
  "query": {
    "range": {
      "price": {
        "gte": 1000,
        "lte": 3000
      }
    }
  }
}

范围操作符：

gte：大于等于（≥）
gt：大于（＞）
lte：小于等于（≤）
lt：小于（＜）

对于日期字段，还支持相对时间：

{
  "range": {
    "publish_date": {
      "gte": "now-7d/d",  // 7天前到现在
      "lte": "now"
    }
  }
}

exists 查询 - 存在性检查

查找包含指定字段的文档（字段值不为 null 或空数组）。

// 查找有描述信息的商品
GET /products/_search
{
  "query": {
    "exists": {
      "field": "description"
    }
  }
}

prefix 查询 - 前缀匹配

查找指定字段以给定前缀开头的文档。

// 查找名称以 "smart" 开头的商品
GET /products/_search
{
  "query": {
    "prefix": {
      "name": "smart"
    }
  }
}

全文搜索查询（Full-text Queries）

全文搜索查询用于在 text 字段上执行全文搜索，会考虑分词和相关性评分。

match 查询 - 标准全文搜索

最常用的全文搜索查询，会对搜索词进行分词，然后查找包含任何分词结果的文档。

// 搜索包含 "智能手机" 的商品
GET /products/_search
{
  "query": {
    "match": {
      "description": "智能手机"
    }
  }
}

搜索过程：

搜索词 "智能手机" 被 IK 分词器分成：["智能", "手机"]
查找 description 字段包含 "智能" 或 "手机" 的文档
根据相关性评分（_score）对结果排序

match_phrase 查询 - 短语匹配

查找包含完整短语的文档，分词顺序必须完全匹配。

// 搜索包含完整短语 "智能手机" 的商品
GET /products/_search
{
  "query": {
    "match_phrase": {
      "description": "智能手机"
    }
  }
}

slop 参数：允许短语间有一定间隔

{
  "query": {
    "match_phrase": {
      "description": {
        "query": "智能 手机",
        "slop": 2  // 允许词语间最多间隔2个词
      }
    }
  }
}

multi_match 查询 - 多字段搜索

在多个字段上执行相同的 match 查询。

// 在 name 和 description 字段中搜索 "手机"
GET /products/_search
{
  "query": {
    "multi_match": {
      "query": "手机",
      "fields": ["name", "description"]
    }
  }
}

字段加权：

{
  "multi_match": {
    "query": "手机",
    "fields": ["name^3", "description"]  // name字段的权重是description的3倍
  }
}

复合查询：构建复杂的搜索逻辑

复合查询允许你将多个查询组合起来，构建复杂的搜索逻辑。

bool 查询 - 布尔组合查询

bool 查询是最强大、最常用的复合查询，它允许你使用布尔逻辑组合多个查询。

bool 查询的四个子句：

must：必须匹配，贡献相关性评分（类似 AND）
should：应该匹配，贡献相关性评分（类似 OR）
must_not：必须不匹配，不贡献评分（类似 NOT）
filter：必须匹配，但不贡献相关性评分，性能更好

// 复杂搜索示例：搜索电子产品中价格在2000-5000元之间的手机，优先显示有库存的
GET /products/_search
{
  "query": {
    "bool": {
      "must": [
        {
          "match": { 
            "category": "electronics" 
          }
        },
        {
          "bool": {
            "should": [
              { "match": { "name": "手机" } },
              { "match": { "description": "手机" } }
            ]
          }
        }
      ],
      "filter": [
        { 
          "range": { 
            "price": { 
              "gte": 2000, 
              "lte": 5000 
            } 
          } 
        }
      ],
      "should": [
        { 
          "term": { 
            "in_stock": true 
          } 
        }
      ],
      "must_not": [
        { 
          "term": { 
            "brand": "Unknown" 
          } 
        }
      ],
      "minimum_should_match": 1  // 至少满足一个should条件
    }
  }
}

::: tipfilter 与 must 的区别

理解这个区别对性能优化至关重要：

// 使用 filter - 不计算评分，性能更好
{
  "bool": {
    "filter": [
      { "range": { "price": { "gte": 1000 } } },
      { "term": { "status": "active" } }
    ]
  }
}

// 使用 must - 计算评分，性能稍差
{
  "bool": {
    "must": [
      { "range": { "price": { "gte": 1000 } } },
      { "term": { "status": "active" } }
    ]
  }
}

最佳实践：对于不需要相关性评分的精确匹配条件（如范围、状态、标签等），优先使用 filter。 :::

constant_score 查询 - 恒定评分查询

将查询包装起来，为所有匹配的文档赋予相同的恒定分数。

// 所有匹配的文档都获得分数 1.0
GET /products/_search
{
  "query": {
    "constant_score": {
      "filter": {
        "term": { "category": "electronics" }
      },
      "boost": 1.0
    }
  }
}

这种查询在只需要过滤而不需要复杂评分时性能很好。

实战案例：电商商品搜索

让我们结合所学知识，构建一个完整的电商商品搜索：

创建索引

PUT /products
{
  "mappings": {
    "properties": {
      "product_id": { "type": "keyword" },
      "name": { "type": "text" },
      "category": { "type": "keyword" },
      "brand": { "type": "keyword" },
      "color": { "type": "keyword" },
      "memory": { "type": "keyword" },
      "size": { "type": "keyword" },
      "price": { "type": "float" },
      "in_stock": { "type": "boolean" },
      "created_at": { "type": "date", "format": "yyyy-MM-dd HH:mm:ss||epoch_millis" }
    }
  }
}

初始化数据

POST /products/_bulk
{ "index": { "_index": "products"} }
{ "product_id": "P001", "name": "苹果 iPhone 15 Pro Max 银色 256GB", "category": "智能手机", "brand": "苹果", "color": "银色", "memory": "256GB", "size": "6.7英寸", "price": 9999, "in_stock": true, "created_at": "2025-11-01 10:00:00" }
{ "index": { "_index": "products"} }
{ "product_id": "P002", "name": "三星 Galaxy S23 Ultra 蓝色 512GB", "category": "智能手机", "brand": "三星", "color": "蓝色", "memory": "512GB", "size": "6.8英寸", "price": 8999, "in_stock": false, "created_at": "2025-11-02 11:00:00" }
{ "index": { "_index": "products"} }
{ "product_id": "P003", "name": "小米 Mi 13 Pro 黑色 1TB", "category": "智能手机", "brand": "小米", "color": "黑色", "memory": "1TB", "size": "6.78英寸", "price": 4999, "in_stock": true, "created_at": "2025-11-03 12:00:00" }
{ "index": { "_index": "products"} }
{ "product_id": "P004", "name": "华为 Mate 60 Pro 白色 256GB", "category": "智能手机", "brand": "华为", "color": "白色", "memory": "256GB", "size": "6.74英寸", "price": 6999, "in_stock": true, "created_at": "2025-11-04 13:00:00" }
{ "index": { "_index": "products"} }
{ "product_id": "P005", "name": "OPPO Find X6 Pro 紫色 512GB", "category": "智能手机", "brand": "OPPO", "color": "紫色", "memory": "512GB", "size": "6.82英寸", "price": 5999, "in_stock": true, "created_at": "2025-11-05 14:00:00" }
{ "index": { "_index": "products"} }
{ "product_id": "P006", "name": "vivo X90 Pro+ 黑色 1TB", "category": "智能手机", "brand": "vivo", "color": "黑色", "memory": "1TB", "size": "6.78英寸", "price": 4999, "in_stock": true, "created_at": "2025-11-06 15:00:00" }
{ "index": { "_index": "products"} }
{ "product_id": "P007", "name": "荣耀 Magic5 Pro 银色 512GB", "category": "智能手机", "brand": "荣耀", "color": "银色", "memory": "512GB", "size": "6.81英寸", "price": 5999, "in_stock": true, "created_at": "2025-11-07 16:00:00" }
{ "index": { "_index": "products"} }
{ "product_id": "P008", "name": "一加 Ace Pro 深空灰 256GB", "category": "智能手机", "brand": "一加", "color": "深空灰", "memory": "256GB", "size": "6.7英寸", "price": 3999, "in_stock": true, "created_at": "2025-11-08 17:00:00" }
{ "index": { "_index": "products"} }
{ "product_id": "P009", "name": "realme GT Neo 5 SE 绿色 128GB", "category": "智能手机", "brand": "realme", "color": "绿色", "memory": "128GB", "size": "6.7英寸", "price": 2999, "in_stock": true, "created_at": "2025-11-09 18:00:00" }
{ "index": { "_index": "products"} }
{ "product_id": "P010", "name": "魅族 20 Pro 黑色 512GB", "category": "智能手机", "brand": "魅族", "color": "黑色", "memory": "512GB", "size": "6.8英寸", "price": 4999, "in_stock": true, "created_at": "2025-11-10 19:00:00" }
{ "index": { "_index": "products"} }
{ "product_id": "P011", "name": "中兴 Axon 50 Ultra 蓝色 512GB", "category": "智能手机", "brand": "中兴", "color": "蓝色", "memory": "512GB", "size": "6.8英寸", "price": 3999, "in_stock": true, "created_at": "2025-11-11 20:00:00" }
{ "index": { "_index": "products"} }
{ "product_id": "P012", "name": "联想 Moto Edge 30 Ultra 黑色 512GB", "category": "智能手机", "brand": "联想", "color": "黑色", "memory": "512GB", "size": "6.8英寸", "price": 3999, "in_stock": true, "created_at": "2025-11-12 21:00:00" }
{ "index": { "_index": "products"} }
{ "product_id": "P013", "name": "诺基亚 G21 Plus 黄色 128GB", "category": "智能手机", "brand": "诺基亚", "color": "黄色", "memory": "128GB", "size": "6.55英寸", "price": 1999, "in_stock": true, "created_at": "2025-11-13 22:00:00" }
{ "index": { "_index": "products"} }
{ "product_id": "P014", "name": "zte Axon 40 Ultra 黑色 512GB", "category": "智能手机", "brand": "zte", "color": "黑色", "memory": "512GB", "size": "6.8英寸", "price": 3999, "in_stock": true, "created_at": "2025-11-14 23:00:00" }
{ "index": { "_index": "products"} }
{ "product_id": "P015", "name": "荣耀 Play 7T 黑色 128GB", "category": "智能手机", "brand": "荣耀", "color": "黑色", "memory": "128GB", "size": "6.7英寸", "price": 2999, "in_stock": true, "created_at": "2025-11-15 00:00:00" }
{ "index": { "_index": "products"} }
{ "product_id": "P016", "name": "小米 Redmi Note 13 Pro 黑色 256GB", "category": "智能手机", "brand": "小米", "color": "黑色", "memory": "256GB", "size": "6.7英寸", "price": 2999, "in_stock": true, "created_at": "2025-11-16 01:00:00" }
{ "index": { "_index": "products"} }
{ "product_id": "P017", "name": "三星 Galaxy A54 金色 128GB", "category": "智能手机", "brand": "三星", "color": "金色", "memory": "128GB", "size": "6.4英寸", "price": 2999, "in_stock": true, "created_at": "2025-11-17 02:00:00" }
{ "index": { "_index": "products"} }
{ "product_id": "P018", "name": "苹果 iPhone 14 Pro 极夜黑 128GB", "category": "智能手机", "brand": "苹果", "color": "极夜黑", "memory": "128GB", "size": "6.1英寸", "price": 7999, "in_stock": true, "created_at": "2025-11-01 03:00:00" }
{ "index": { "_index": "products"} }
{ "product_id": "P019", "name": "华为 P60 Pro 浅蓝 256GB", "category": "智能手机", "brand": "华为", "color": "浅蓝", "memory": "256GB", "size": "6.67英寸", "price": 5999, "in_stock": true, "created_at": "2025-11-02 04:00:00" }
{ "index": { "_index": "products"} }
{ "product_id": "P020", "name": "OPPO Reno10 Pro+ 宇宙黑 512GB", "category": "智能手机", "brand": "OPPO", "color": "宇宙黑", "memory": "512GB", "size": "6.8英寸", "price": 4999, "in_stock": true, "created_at": "2025-11-03 05:00:00" }
{ "index": { "_index": "products"} }
{ "product_id": "P021", "name": "vivo Y77t 天青色 128GB", "category": "智能手机", "brand": "vivo", "color": "天青色", "memory": "128GB", "size": "6.67英寸", "price": 1999, "in_stock": true, "created_at": "2025-11-04 06:00:00" }
{ "index": { "_index": "products"} }
{ "product_id": "P022", "name": "荣耀 V40 Pro 暗影黑 256GB", "category": "智能手机", "brand": "荣耀", "color": "暗影黑", "memory": "256GB", "size": "6.76英寸", "price": 3999, "in_stock": true, "created_at": "2025-11-05 07:00:00" }
{ "index": { "_index": "products"} }
{ "product_id": "P023", "name": "一加 Ace 2V 玫瑰金 128GB", "category": "智能手机", "brand": "一加", "color": "玫瑰金", "memory": "128GB", "size": "6.7英寸", "price": 2999, "in_stock": true, "created_at": "2025-11-06 08:00:00" }
{ "index": { "_index": "products"} }
{ "product_id": "P024", "name": "realme GT Neo 5 黑色 256GB", "category": "智能手机", "brand": "realme", "color": "黑色", "memory": "256GB", "size": "6.7英寸", "price": 2999, "in_stock": true, "created_at": "2025-11-07 09:00:00" }
{ "index": { "_index": "products"} }
{ "product_id": "P025", "name": "魅族 20 黑色 128GB", "category": "智能手机", "brand": "魅族", "color": "黑色", "memory": "128GB", "size": "6.7英寸", "price": 2999, "in_stock": true, "created_at": "2025-11-08 10:00:00" }
{ "index": { "_index": "products"} }
{ "product_id": "P026", "name": "中兴 Axon 30 Ultra 紫色 256GB", "category": "智能手机", "brand": "中兴", "color": "紫色", "memory": "256GB", "size": "6.8英寸", "price": 3999, "in_stock": true, "created_at": "2025-11-09 11:00:00" }
{ "index": { "_index": "products"} }
{ "product_id": "P027", "name": "联想 Moto G73 Turbo 黑色 128GB", "category": "智能手机", "brand": "联想", "color": "黑色", "memory": "128GB", "size": "6.8英寸", "price": 2999, "in_stock": true, "created_at": "2025-11-10 12:00:00" }
{ "index": { "_index": "products"} }
{ "product_id": "P028", "name": "诺基亚 G21 Plus 银色 128GB", "category": "智能手机", "brand": "诺基亚", "color": "银色", "memory": "128GB", "size": "6.55英寸", "price": 1999, "in_stock": true, "created_at": "2025-11-11 13:00:00" }
{ "index": { "_index": "products"} }
{ "product_id": "P029", "name": "zte Axon 30 Ultra 蓝色 256GB", "category": "智能手机", "brand": "zte", "color": "蓝色", "memory": "256GB", "size": "6.8英寸", "price": 3999, "in_stock": true, "created_at": "2025-11-12 14:00:00" }
{ "index": { "_index": "products"} }
{ "product_id": "P030", "name": "荣耀 Play 7T 黑色 128GB", "category": "智能手机", "brand": "荣耀", "color": "黑色", "memory": "128GB", "size": "6.7英寸", "price": 2999, "in_stock": true, "created_at": "2025-11-13 15:00:00" }
{ "index": { "_index": "products"} }
{ "product_id": "P031", "name": "小米 Redmi Note 13 Pro 黑色 256GB", "category": "智能手机", "brand": "小米", "color": "黑色", "memory": "256GB", "size": "6.7英寸", "price": 2999, "in_stock": true, "created_at": "2025-11-14 16:00:00" }
{ "index": { "_index": "products"} }
{ "product_id": "P032", "name": "三星 Galaxy A54 金色 128GB", "category": "智能手机", "brand": "三星", "color": "金色", "memory": "128GB", "size": "6.4英寸", "price": 2999, "in_stock": true, "created_at": "2025-11-15 17:00:00" }
{ "index": { "_index": "products"} }
{ "product_id": "P033", "name": "苹果 iPhone 14 Pro 极夜黑 128GB", "category": "智能手机", "brand": "苹果", "color": "极夜黑", "memory": "128GB", "size": "6.1英寸", "price": 7999, "in_stock": true, "created_at": "2025-11-16 18:00:00" }
{ "index": { "_index": "products"} }
{ "product_id": "P034", "name": "华为 P60 Pro 浅蓝 256GB", "category": "智能手机", "brand": "华为", "color": "浅蓝", "memory": "256GB", "size": "6.67英寸", "price": 5999, "in_stock": true, "created_at": "2025-11-17 19:00:00" }
{ "index": { "_index": "products"} }
{ "product_id": "P035", "name": "OPPO Reno10 Pro+ 宇宙黑 512GB", "category": "智能手机", "brand": "OPPO", "color": "宇宙黑", "memory": "512GB", "size": "6.8英寸", "price": 4999, "in_stock": true, "created_at": "2025-11-01 20:00:00" }
{ "index": { "_index": "products"} }
{ "product_id": "P036", "name": "vivo Y77t 天青色 128GB", "category": "智能手机", "brand": "vivo", "color": "天青色", "memory": "128GB", "size": "6.67英寸", "price": 1999, "in_stock": true, "created_at": "2025-11-02 21:00:00" }
{ "index": { "_index": "products"} }
{ "product_id": "P037", "name": "荣耀 V40 Pro 暗影黑 256GB", "category": "智能手机", "brand": "荣耀", "color": "暗影黑", "memory": "256GB", "size": "6.76英寸", "price": 3999, "in_stock": true, "created_at": "2025-11-03 22:00:00" }
{ "index": { "_index": "products"} }
{ "product_id": "P038", "name": "一加 Ace 2V 玫瑰金 128GB", "category": "智能手机", "brand": "一加", "color": "玫瑰金", "memory": "128GB", "size": "6.7英寸", "price": 2999, "in_stock": true, "created_at": "2025-11-04 23:00:00" }
{ "index": { "_index": "products"} }
{ "product_id": "P039", "name": "realme GT Neo 5 黑色 256GB", "category": "智能手机", "brand": "realme", "color": "黑色", "memory": "256GB", "size": "6.7英寸", "price": 2999, "in_stock": true, "created_at": "2025-11-05 00:00:00" }
{ "index": { "_index": "products"} }
{ "product_id": "P040", "name": "魅族 20 黑色 128GB", "category": "智能手机", "brand": "魅族", "color": "黑色", "memory": "128GB", "size": "6.7英寸", "price": 2999, "in_stock": true, "created_at": "2025-11-06 01:00:00" }
{ "index": { "_index": "products"} }
{ "product_id": "P041", "name": "中兴 Axon 30 Ultra 紫色 256GB", "category": "智能手机", "brand": "中兴", "color": "紫色", "memory": "256GB", "size": "6.8英寸", "price": 3999, "in_stock": true, "created_at": "2025-11-07 02:00:00" }
{ "index": { "_index": "products"} }
{ "product_id": "P042", "name": "联想 Moto G73 Turbo 黑色 128GB", "category": "智能手机", "brand": "联想", "color": "黑色", "memory": "128GB", "size": "6.8英寸", "price": 2999, "in_stock": true, "created_at": "2025-11-08 03:00:00" }
{ "index": { "_index": "products"} }
{ "product_id": "P043", "name": "诺基亚 G21 Plus 银色 128GB", "category": "智能手机", "brand": "诺基亚", "color": "银色", "memory": "128GB", "size": "6.55英寸", "price": 1999, "in_stock": true, "created_at": "2025-11-09 04:00:00" }
{ "index": { "_index": "products"} }
{ "product_id": "P044", "name": "zte Axon 30 Ultra 蓝色 256GB", "category": "智能手机", "brand": "zte", "color": "蓝色", "memory": "256GB", "size": "6.8英寸", "price": 3999, "in_stock": true, "created_at": "2025-11-10 05:00:00" }
{ "index": { "_index": "products"} }
{ "product_id": "P045", "name": "荣耀 Play 7T 黑色 128GB", "category": "智能手机", "brand": "荣耀", "color": "黑色", "memory": "128GB", "size": "6.7英寸", "price": 2999, "in_stock": true, "created_at": "2025-11-11 06:00:00" }
{ "index": { "_index": "products"} }
{ "product_id": "P046", "name": "小米 Redmi Note 13 Pro 黑色 256GB", "category": "智能手机", "brand": "小米", "color": "黑色", "memory": "256GB", "size": "6.7英寸", "price": 2999, "in_stock": true, "created_at": "2025-11-12 07:00:00" }
{ "index": { "_index": "products"} }
{ "product_id": "P047", "name": "三星 Galaxy A54 金色 128GB", "category": "智能手机", "brand": "三星", "color": "金色", "memory": "128GB", "size": "6.4英寸", "price": 2999, "in_stock": true, "created_at": "2025-11-13 08:00:00" }
{ "index": { "_index": "products"} }
{ "product_id": "P048", "name": "苹果 iPhone 14 Pro 极夜黑 128GB", "category": "智能手机", "brand": "苹果", "color": "极夜黑", "memory": "128GB", "size": "6.1英寸", "price": 7999, "in_stock": true, "created_at": "2025-11-14 09:00:00" }
{ "index": { "_index": "products"} }
{ "product_id": "P049", "name": "华为 P60 Pro 浅蓝 256GB", "category": "智能手机", "brand": "华为", "color": "浅蓝", "memory": "256GB", "size": "6.67英寸", "price": 5999, "in_stock": true, "created_at": "2025-11-15 10:00:00" }
{ "index": { "_index": "products"} }
{ "product_id": "P050", "name": "OPPO Reno10 Pro+ 宇宙黑 512GB", "category": "智能手机", "brand": "OPPO", "color": "宇宙黑", "memory": "512GB", "size": "6.8英寸", "price": 4999, "in_stock": true, "created_at": "2025-11-16 11:00:00" }

问题一

请编写一个查询，满足以下条件：

查找价格在3000元到6000元之间的所有手机。
这些手机的品牌必须是苹果或三星。
按照price升序排列结果。
只返回前10条记录。
返回的结果中只包含product_id, name, 和 price字段。
请编写相应的Elasticsearch DSL查询。

GET /products/_search
{
  "query": {
    "bool": {
      "must": [
        {
          "range": {
            "price": {
              "gte": 3000,
              "lte": 6000
            }
          }
        },
        {
          "terms": {
            "brand": [
              "苹果",
              "三星"
            ]
          }
        }
      ]
    }
  },
  "size": 10,
  "sort": [
    {
      "price": {
        "order": "asc"
      }
    }
  ],
  "_source": [
    "product_id", "name", "price"
  ]
}

问题二

查找库存状态为true的所有手机。
这些手机的颜色必须是黑色或白色。
按照created_at时间降序排列结果。
只返回前5条记录。
返回的结果中只包含product_id, name, 和 created_at字段。

GET /products/_search
{
  "query": {
    "bool": {
      "must": [
        {
          "term": {
            "in_stock": {
              "value": true
            }
          }
        }
      ],
      "filter": [
        {
          "terms": {
            "color": [
              "黑色",
              "白色"
            ]
          }
        }
      ]
    }
  },
  "size": 5,
  "sort": [
    {
      "created_at": {
        "order": "desc"
      }
    }
  ],
  "_source": [
      "product_id","name","created_at"
    ]
}

Java 代码示例

作为 Java 开发者，你可能更关心如何在代码中构建这些查询：

// 使用 Java High Level REST Client
SearchRequest searchRequest = new SearchRequest("products");
SearchSourceBuilder sourceBuilder = new SearchSourceBuilder();

// 构建 bool 查询
BoolQueryBuilder boolQuery = QueryBuilders.boolQuery()
    .must(QueryBuilders.multiMatchQuery("无线蓝牙耳机", "name", "description")
          .operator(Operator.AND))
    .filter(QueryBuilders.rangeQuery("price").gte(100).lte(1000))
    .filter(QueryBuilders.termsQuery("brand", "Sony", "Bose", "Sennheiser"))
    .should(QueryBuilders.termQuery("is_featured", true).boost(2))
    .mustNot(QueryBuilders.termQuery("status", "discontinued"))
    .minimumShouldMatch(1);

sourceBuilder.query(boolQuery);
sourceBuilder.from(0);
sourceBuilder.size(20);
sourceBuilder.sort("_score", SortOrder.DESC);
sourceBuilder.sort("created_at", SortOrder.DESC);

searchRequest.source(sourceBuilder);
SearchResponse response = client.search(searchRequest, RequestOptions.DEFAULT);

总结

通过本文，我们深入学习了：

精准匹配查询：term, terms, range, exists 等，用于精确值查找
全文搜索查询：match, match_phrase, multi_match 等，用于文本内容搜索
复合查询：主要是 bool 查询，用于构建复杂的搜索逻辑

关键要点：

理解字段类型：text 字段适合全文搜索，keyword 字段适合精准匹配
善用 filter 上下文：对于不关心评分的精确匹配，使用 filter 提升性能
合理使用 bool 查询：它是构建复杂搜索需求的瑞士军刀
注意评分影响：must 和 should 影响评分，filter 和 must_not 不影响

思考题：尝试用今天学到的知识，构建一个搜索你业务场景的查询，比如博客文章搜索、用户搜索或日志搜索。

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